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C2ES Innovation Policy Matrix

This paper introduces the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions’ (C2ES) Innovation Policy Matrix, a user-friendly, nonpartisan, and technology-neutral tool designed to help policymakers assess and craft effective innovation policy. The framework synthesizes four interrelated components that, when applied together, enable policymakers to efficiently develop a comprehensive understanding of the policy needs for any given technology and the broader innovation ecosystem. The tool creates a standardized snapshot of where any given technology sits along the innovation process, the barriers hindering the broader ecosystem, and the key risks to prioritize when developing policy solutions. Risk is an intrinsic part of innovation, so the public and private sectors should play complementary roles as risk takers and risk managers. In particular, the federal government can play an important role as a risk-tolerant supporter of innovation, especially when technological feasibility and market applications are still unclear. This matrix was informed by the insights generated from over two years of the C2ES technology working groups program, which includes more than 140 companies across the innovation ecosystem.
Developments in Border Carbon Adjustments in the 119th Congress and Abroad

There has been a surge in interest in the relationship between international trade and climate policy since the implementation of the European Union’s (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The EU CBAM has occupied the center of discourse in climate and trade policy, driving expanded interest in developing national carbon pricing policies. As more countries […]
Border Carbon Adjustments

Border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are a policy instrument intended to preserve the economic competitiveness of select heavy-emitting industries as countries accelerate their decarbonization efforts. The term border carbon adjustment is used to refer to the general form of this policy type; however, specific examples referenced in this document utilize a range of naming conventions. By […]
Building Corporate Climate Resilience

Physical climate impacts are fundamentally reshaping the risk landscape for global businesses. Through six dialogues conducted in 2025, the Climate Resilience Foresight Series brought together leaders from two dozen companies to explore how organizations can build comprehensive resilience to climate change. This synthesis presents a strategic framework for corporate climate resilience, drawing on insights from participants across manufacturing, energy, technology, financial services, and other critical sectors. The dialogues revealed that while awareness of climate risks has grown substantially, translating this awareness into sustained action remains challenging. Companies face genuine barriers including competing priorities, data limitations, and governance structures not designed for long-term, systemic threats. Yet leading organizations are developing innovative approaches that frame resilience as a source of competitive advantage rather than merely a cost center. As climate impacts accelerate, the companies that systematically build adaptive capacity will be best positioned to protect value, seize opportunities, and contribute to broader societal resilience.
Powering Possibility

This factsheet explores clean hydrogen, a critical commodity in major industrial and chemical processes, from petroleum refining to fertilizer production.
Fueling the Future

This factsheet explores sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), a non-petroleum jet fuel certified for use in commercial and military aircraft.
More Than Carbon

This factsheet explores engineered carbon removal (ECR), a form of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) that uses human-made technologies to capture carbon dioxide from ambient air or oceans.
Reliability in Reserve

This factsheet explores long-duration energy storage (LDES), a storage technology that can supply energy—typically as electricity, and in some cases as heat—continuously for at least ten consecutive hours at full power.
Considerations for the Progress Assessment of NAPs at COP30

Parties are expected to decide on the progress assessment for the formulation and implementation of national adaptation plans (NAPs) at UN Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) 30th Conference of Parties (COP30). The NAP process helps developing countries identify and address long-term climate adaptation needs. Progress on the formulation and implementation of NAPs has been […]
Accelerating the Substantial Reduction of Methane Emissions by 2030

The substantial reduction of methane emissions globally by 2030 could have a major impact on global temperatures, equivalent to removing the emissions of all cars and trucks in the world. Achieving this GST1 outcome will be critical to meeting the Paris Agreement’s temperature target. Scaling finance for methane emissions reduction will play an essential role […]
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